提取练习似乎是一种比精细编码更有效的学习活动

原文：Retrieval practice appears to be a more effective learning activity than elaborative encoding (andymatuschak.org)

制作概念图或提出自己的问题似乎是了解一个领域的好方法，但至少对于基础知识而言，提取练习似乎是更有效的学习活动：

• Karpicke, J. D., & Blunt, J. R. (2011). Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping. Science, 331(6018), 772–775.

• Karpicke, J. D., & Smith, M. A. (2012). Separate mnemonic effects of retrieval practice and elaborative encoding. Journal of Memory and Language, 67(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.02.004